S6K1/2 | Ribosomal S6 kinase 1/2

Specific sensing of C/N- or S-precursors for Cys results in distinct transcriptome reprogramming and specific translation regulation. a Venn diagrams and b–e functional category analysis (p?<?0.05, FDR?<?0.25) for transcriptional response in roots of 7-week-old serat tko and sir1-1 plants. The compared sets of genes contained transcripts, which were significantly (p?<?0.05) up- or downregulated by more than 1.25-fold in sir1-1 or serat tko in comparison to the wild type. The details of the highlighted categories with underlines are further presented in Supplementary Figs. 2 and 4. f Specific downregulation of 18s rRNA in response to sulfide limitation (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., one-way ANOVA, *p?<?0.05). g TOR and GCN2 activity was determined by antibodies against S6K-p, S6K (apparent sizes: 52?kDa) and eIF2?-p (apparent size: 43?kDa) and h calculated by the ratio of S6K-p/S6K and eIF2?-p/LC in x-fold of wild type (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., one-way ANOVA, *p?<?0.05)

Sulfur availability downregulates TOR activity and sugar metabolism. a Immunological detection of S6K-p, S6K (52?kDa) and eIF2?-p (43?kDa) with specific antisera was used for calculation of relative TOR activity by the ratio of S6K-p/S6K in x-fold of wild type (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05). b 18s and 25s rRNA level were measured in the shoot of wild type under sulfur deficiency (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05). c Growth phenotype of the des1-1 mutant having low sulfide level in the cytosol. Scale bar, 2?cm. d Immunological detection of S6K phosphorylation status in the genotypes shown in c (apparent sizes of S6K-p, S6K: 52?kDa). e Calculation of TOR activity by the ratio of S6K-p/S6K in x-fold of wild type (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., one-way ANOVA, *p?<?0.05). f, g Functional category analysis (p?<?0.05, FDR?<?0.25) for downregulated genes in shoots of 7-week-old sir1-1 and sulfur-deficient WT plants. The compared sets of genes contained transcripts, which were identified by microarray analysis to be significantly (p?<?0.05) downregulated by more than 1.25-fold. The categories related to sugar metabolism are highlighted with underlines. h Soluble sugar levels in shoots of 7-week-old sulfur-deficient plants (n?=?4, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05)

Sulfur availability downregulates TOR activity and sugar metabolism. a Immunological detection of S6K-p, S6K (52?kDa) and eIF2?-p (43?kDa) with specific antisera was used for calculation of relative TOR activity by the ratio of S6K-p/S6K in x-fold of wild type (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05). b 18s and 25s rRNA level were measured in the shoot of wild type under sulfur deficiency (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05). c Growth phenotype of the des1-1 mutant having low sulfide level in the cytosol. Scale bar, 2?cm. d Immunological detection of S6K phosphorylation status in the genotypes shown in c (apparent sizes of S6K-p, S6K: 52?kDa). e Calculation of TOR activity by the ratio of S6K-p/S6K in x-fold of wild type (n?=?3, mean?±?s.e.m., one-way ANOVA, *p?<?0.05). f, g Functional category analysis (p?<?0.05, FDR?<?0.25) for downregulated genes in shoots of 7-week-old sir1-1 and sulfur-deficient WT plants. The compared sets of genes contained transcripts, which were identified by microarray analysis to be significantly (p?<?0.05) downregulated by more than 1.25-fold. The categories related to sugar metabolism are highlighted with underlines. h Soluble sugar levels in shoots of 7-week-old sulfur-deficient plants (n?=?4, mean?±?s.e.m., t-test, *p?<?0.05)

Sulfur availability regulates root meristem and plant growth via glucose-TOR. a Phenotype of chimeric plants obtained by grafting of wild-type (WT) and sir1-1 organs. Identity of organs is depicted as shoot/root. Scale bar, 2?cm. b–e Feeding of serat tko and sir1-1 seedlings with glucose. b Immunological detection of S6K-p, S6K (apparent sizes: 52?kDa), and eIF2?-p (apparent size: 43?kDa) with specific antisera in wild-type serat tko and sir1-1. c, d Phenotype of wild-type serat tko and sir1-1 plants in the absence and presence of glucose. Scale bar, 1?cm. e Impact of glucose on root meristem activity in wild-type serat tko and sir1-1. Scale bar, 25?µm. f Root meristem activity of 7-day-old WT seedlings treated with TOR inhibitor (AZD-8055) or GCN2 activator (Chlorosulfuron, CHL) for 2?h. Scale bar, 25?µm