Plant extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles which are naturally released by plant cells into the apoplast. Apoplast is the extracellular space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. PDEVs function is to act as vital messengers in intercellular and interkingdom communication, delivering cargo—including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—to modulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. Their sophisticated composition makes PDEVs therapeutically attractive.
According to MISEV (Minimal Information for Studies on Extracellular Vesicles) guidelines, EV markers are organized into three functional categories:
Category 1 (transmembrane proteins, enriched in EVs)
Nueraihemaiti et al. (2025). Advances in Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Extraction Methods and Pharmacological Effects. Biology (Basel). 2025 Apr 6;14(4):377. doi: 10.3390/biology14040377.
Zeng et al. (2024). Advances in plant-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation, composition, and biological functions. Food Funct. 2024 Nov 25;15(23):11319-11341. doi: 10.1039/d4fo04321a.
Urzì et. al (2021). Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 20;22(10):5366. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105366.
According to MISEV (Minimal Information for Studies on Extracellular Vesicles) guidelines, EV markers are organized into three functional categories:
Category 1 (transmembrane proteins, enriched in EVs)
- Aquaporins (PIP2;1 and isoforms)
- Clathrin heavy chain 1 and 2, can be detected with Anti-Clathrin heavy-chain 1,2 antibodies
- PEN1 / SYP121 (Syntaxin 121), can be detected with Anti-SYP121 | Syntaxin 121 antibodies
- TET8 (Tetraspanin 8), can be detected with Anti-TET8 | Tetraspanin 8 antibodies
- Heat shock protein 70 (cytoplasmic), can be detected with Anti-HSP70 | Heat shock protein 70 (cytoplasmic) antibodies
- GAPDH, can be detected with Anti-GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase antibodies
- Remorins
- BiP, can be detected by Anti-BiP | Lumenal-binding protein antibodies
Nueraihemaiti et al. (2025). Advances in Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Extraction Methods and Pharmacological Effects. Biology (Basel). 2025 Apr 6;14(4):377. doi: 10.3390/biology14040377.
Zeng et al. (2024). Advances in plant-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation, composition, and biological functions. Food Funct. 2024 Nov 25;15(23):11319-11341. doi: 10.1039/d4fo04321a.
Urzì et. al (2021). Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 20;22(10):5366. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105366.